Sophocles dramatizes these later events in his Ajax, but at the end of the play Aias is taken to an honourable burial, in marked contrast to his treatment in the Little Iliad where he is denied the customary burial honours.
In the Odyssey, when Odysseus is in Hades, he meets the shade of Aias who, in anger at his loss of Achilles' arms, refuses to speak and stalks away in magnificent Silence. Scenes from Aias' life popular in art, some from the 7th cent. Subjects: Classical studies. View all related items in Oxford Reference ». All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice.
Oxford Reference. Publications Pages Publications Pages. Recently viewed 0 Save Search. The Greek gods are all anthropomorphic: They look like humans, although they are taller, larger, more beautiful, and they often exhibit human emotions such as anger, envy, and deceit. Zeus The supreme god and king of Olympos. His duty is to carry out the will of Destiny, so he is officially neutral in the war, but he is sympathetic toward the Trojans, particularly Hektor and Priam, and he supports Achilles against Agamemnon.
Of all the gods, he alone seems able to change fate, though he chooses not to because of the disruption to the world that would be caused. He is married to Hera with whom he is often in disputes. Hera Sister and wife of Zeus. She is the most fanatical of all the Olympian supporters of the Achaians and is willing to go to any lengths, including the deception of her husband, to achieve the defeat of Troy.
She was the goddess of women and childbirth. Athena Daughter of Zeus; she sprang directly from his head and became the goddess of wisdom. She plays a prominent role in the war, fighting on the Achaian side. She is also known as the battle goddess and is often referred to as Pallas or Pallas Athena. Aphrodite Daughter of Zeus; goddess of love and sexual desire.
She is the mother of Aeneas and is the patron of Paris, so she fights on the Trojan side. Her love is Ares, god of war. She is especially connected with Paris and Helen in the Iliad.
Apollo Son of Zeus; god of prophecy, light, poetry, and music. He fights on the Trojan side. Apollo is also the plague god and is responsible for the plague in Book I that leads to the argument between Achilles and Agamemnon.
He is also called Loxias, meaning "tricky. Ares Son of Zeus and Hera, and the god of war. He is the lover of Aphrodite and fights on the Trojan side, despite an earlier promise to Hera and Athena that he would support the Achaians. Only Aphrodite likes him.
Artemis Daughter of Zeus; sister of Apollo; goddess of chastity, hunting, and wild animals. She fights on the Trojan side, but with little effect. Hermes Ambassador of the gods; conductor of dead souls to Hades and a patron of travelers. He is on the Achaians' side, but he does little to aid them. Poseidon Younger brother of Zeus; god of the sea.
He is a strong supporter of the Achaian cause, having an old grudge against Troy. He is also somewhat resentful of Zeus' claim to authority over him. Thetis Mother of Achilles, a sea nymph. She is a staunch advocate of her son in his quarrel with Agamemnon and does all she can to help him, but she is not otherwise involved in the war. Xanthos Son of Zeus; god of one of the major rivers of Troy. Previous About the Iliad. Next Book I. Bronze was often used as a symbol in Greek literature for the age of the Trojan War, i.
Buckler seems to be synonymous with any shield in the Iliad. This listing of a group of warriors, countries, or other items is a relatively common epic device. The fighter was not responsible for driving, only for fighting. Chimaera a monster with a lion's head, a snake's tail, and a goat's body, killed by Bellerophon. Crete island in the Mediterranean Sea south of Greece. Legendary home of King Minos, the labyrinth, and the Minotaur.
In the Iliad , it is the kingdom of Idomeneus. Cronus early god in Greek mythology. Deiphobus son of Priam, brother of Hektor; wisely advises Hektor to return within the walls of Troy.
An epic simile is an extended simile that may go on for ten, twenty, or more lines and may contain multiple points of comparison. Phrases such as "breaker of horses," "long-haired," or "well-greaved," are frequently associated with a particular character or sometimes warrior group. The epithet was an epic device or convention that helped the poet in the oral composition process.
Furies avenging spirits, often used as symbols of a destructive, guilty conscience, especially in matters involving wrongs within a family. The Furies typically exacted vengeance when no human agent was available to do so. This tradition carries on into the nineteenth and even twentieth centuries.
Ida central mountain in the Troad range. Favorite seat of Zeus. Ida is probably the second most frequently mentioned mountain in the Iliad after Olympos. Kalchas Greek prophet or seer. Originally told Agamemnon that he must sacrifice Iphigeneia for Greeks to be able to sail to Troy. Tells Agamemnon that Chryseis must be returned to her father. Both the distaff and loom are associated with women in the Iliad.
Lykaon son of Priam though not of Hekuba. He is killed by Achilles in a poignant scene. Machaon son of the famous healer Asclepius. Machaon is from Thessalia and is often used as a healer in the Iliad.
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