We treat all ages from newborns to our oldest patient to date being years old! The goal of rehabilitation therapy varies from person to person. Inpatient rehabilitation refers to treatment or therapy you receive in a hospital or clinic prior to being discharged. Patients who go through an amputation , suffer a brain injury or stroke , experience an orthopedic or spinal cord injury or receive a transplant may require inpatient therapy to recover to a point where they can safely go home.
Outpatient rehabilitation therapy refers to treatment received when not admitted to a hospital or clinic. Outpatient therapy centers offer a blend of services from physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech pathologists and psychologists. Outpatient rehabilitation centers tend to offer therapy for a wide range of conditions including cancer, neurological disorders, neck and back pain, speech problems, psychological disorders, pre- and post-natal issues and more.
The goal of occupational therapy is to help individuals participate in the things they want and need to do to live an independent and satisfying lifestyle. Modifications may include changing the way the task is approached, changing the environment in which the task is completed or helping a person develop skills necessary to complete certain tasks.
Occupational therapy may be needed by people of all ages, from newborns to seniors. There are endless ways in which occupational therapy may help these individuals, such as:. Physical therapists provide treatment for those who are experiencing pain or difficulty in functioning, moving or living life normally. Physical therapy is commonly used to relieve pain, improvement movement, provide rehabilitation after a stroke, injury or surgery, assist in recovery after giving birth, assist in the recovery of sports-related injuries, teach individuals how to use devices such as walkers and canes, manage chronic illnesses like heart disease or arthritis, and more.
PRS were under-prioritized by some policy-makers. The political climate of Iran was, however, recognized appropriate for PRF to be put on the national health political agenda. In the problem stream, the problem should first be recognized. Different dimensions of the problem were illustrated by the interviewees.
The systematic indicators delineated the magnitude and extent of the problem. Relative high cost of PRS, insufficient financial resources, inadequate and inefficient budget allocation, weak insurance coverage, and the increasing prevalence of cases requiring PRS were considered as the evident indicators of the problem.
Given the growing demand for PRS [ 27 ], on the one hand, and the fact that financial issues are currently hindering equitable access to these services for those who need them [ 14 , 25 ], the attention of politicians and policy-makers should be captured to adopt some appropriate measures promptly.
A major issue inferred from some stakeholder interviews, including policy-makers and insurers, was the fact that they were unaware of the role and position of PRS in the health system as such they considered it insignificant and expensive compared to the other health services. Although physical rehabilitation needs per capita are increasing globally [ 36 ], it is widely recognized that the need for these services is being underestimated [ 37 ]. This implies that the feedback from stakeholders such as rehabilitation faculties, scientific associations, rehabilitation experts, and involved NGOs is inadequate to present the problem to policy-makers and politicians.
This finding is consistent with Soltani et al. This, on the one hand, results in a small share of the limited available financial resources to be allocated to this sector, and on the other hand, this small share would be used inefficiently. Iraq invasion to Iran in , as a crisis, left many persons with disabilities in need of medical care, including PRS [ 38 ]. War invalids in many cases were conspicuously evocative of the PRS hardship and acted as symbols in the problem stream.
These factors called for the establishment of support organizations, including the Martyr and Veterans Affairs Foundation, as well as the adoption of supportive policies.
This is an example of what Kingdon considers to be the convergence of streams and a short-lived opportunity of a policy window opening [ 32 ]. In the policy stream, potential solutions to the concerned problem are investigated to generate a policy or program proposal.
The participants proposed a number of strategies regarding the different functions of PRF. According to Kingdon, a viable proposal should be technically feasible [ 31 ].
Reduction in oil revenue [ 39 ], economic recession, and international sanctions [ 40 , 41 ] against Iran hinder approaches focusing on new internal or external revenue sources to find their ways to the political agenda. The policy alternatives, which emphasize the more effective and efficient allocation of resources and take advantage of the existing capacities, have higher likelihood of viability and credibility to be brought forth to the agenda-setting process [ 25 ].
PRS comprise a wide range of services dealing with a variety of health conditions and service beneficiaries. In this regard, some interviewees discussed strategies such as setting scientific prioritization matrices and rationing based on clinical practice guidelines to reduce the risk of deprivation of the ones in need of basic services and increase the access of the ones with more demanding conditions.
The diversity of PRS, on the other hand, represents the involvement of various health care professionals in the field of physical rehabilitation [ 42 , 43 ]. These disciplines include but are not limited to physical medicine and rehabilitation, physical therapy, occupational therapy, prosthetics and orthotics.
The disagreements and conflicts of interest among these disciplines may lead to a lack of consensus, which in turn has a destructive effect on their potential role as influential policy communities outside the government [ 25 ].
The campaigns and NGOs of persons with disabilities were considered to be more influential by the interviewees, especially in recent years, and the role of virtual networks to represent national mood was also highlighted. No policy entrepreneur was detected in the analysis of the collected data in the policy stream. Given the significant role of policy entrepreneurs in policy development and introducing them to policy-makers [ 44 , 45 ], the convergence of the streams is more challenging and less purposeful.
According to the participants, the political climate and events in the government have been appropriate for PRF to be raised on the national agenda. Legislatively, the upstream laws have paved the way for the politicians to consider the laws and regulations required for the enactment process. From the execution perspective, however, the enforcement of the existing PRF laws has not been much strict [ 27 ].
The current political context of Iran needs to be re-attracted to the issue of PRF. Although the political will seems to exist to confront this problem, appropriate strategies and approaches should be reorganized. This is to a large scale due to the economic consequences of the international sanctions against Iran, as documented in another study [ 40 ].
Feasible policy proposals, which are in accordance with the socio-economic situation and accepted by active political forces, are required to open a policy window [ 30 , 33 ]. The significance of the mechanisms of active purposive policy-making and the potential role of their stakeholders are re-highlighted.
This study suffers from a number of limitations. During the study period, some individuals, especially health policy-makers were reluctant to participate; therefore, despite the efforts of the research team, the included participants were not completely representative of the target community. This limitation along with the descriptive nature of the study reduces the generalizability of the findings.
Furthermore, a cross-sectional design was used in this study, which might lessen the validity of the findings. The recently enacted laws indicate that PRF-related policies have already been on the national health political agenda. This study, however, detected a set of multifaceted problems regarding PRF, such as lack of sustainable financial resources, fragmented financing, lack of sufficient awareness among decision- and policy-makers, and low participation of relevant experts in policy-making processes.
Declining oil revenues, the economic recession, and international sanctions against Iran necessitate a focus on policy alternatives that make more effective use of the existing resources.
In the presence of political will, the crucial role of policy-making and active purposive advocacy mechanisms are highlighted to open a window of opportunity and stimulate the agenda-setting process in line with UHC. The data collected and analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Monitoring progress towards universal health coverage at country and global levels.
PLoS Med. Accelerating health equity: the key role of universal health coverage in the sustainable development goals. BMC Med.
Google Scholar. A systematic review of access to rehabilitation for people with disabilities in low-and middle-income countries. Krug E, Cieza A. Strengthening health systems to provide rehabilitation services. Rehabilitation: the health strategy of the 21st century. J Rehabil Med. Rehabilitation in health systems. Geneva: World Health Organization; Gimigliano F, Negrini S. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. Global standards for prosthetics and orthotics. Can Prosthet Orthot J. Health systems financing: the path to universal coverage.
Developing a national health financing strategy: a reference guide. Health-related rehabilitation services: assessing the global supply of and need for human resources. Report on Honduras: ripples in the pond—the financial crisis and remittances to chronically ill patients in Honduras. Int J Health Serv. WHO global disability action plan Better health for all people with disability. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Financial barriers to access to health Services for Adult People with disability in Iran: the challenges for universal health coverage. Iran J Public Health. The impacts of health transformation plan on physiotherapy sector in Iran: a qualitative study using five control knobs. Disabil Rehabil. Med J Islam Repub Iran. Out-of-pocket health expenditure and fairness in utilization of health care facilities in Cambodia in and Lee W-Y, Shaw I.
The impact of out-of-pocket payments on health care inequity: the case of national health insurance in South Korea. Long-term disability after stroke in Iran: evidence from the Mashhad stroke incidence study. Int J Stroke. Burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the eastern Mediterranean region, — findings from the global burden of disease study Ann Rheum Dis. Adib Hajbaghery M. Evaluation of old-age disability and related factors among an Iranian elderly population.
East Mediterr Health J. Shiffman J. Agenda setting in public health policy. In: International encyclopedia of public health. Cairney P, Jones MD. K ingdon's multiple streams approach: what is the empirical impact of this universal theory?
Policy Stud J. Financing of physical rehabilitation services in Iran: a stakeholder and social network analysis. Cultural barriers in access to healthcare services for people with disability in Iran: A qualitative study.
Exploring barriers of the health system to rehabilitation services for people with disabilities in Iran: A qualitative study. Electron Physician. To what extent do Australian health policy documents address social determinants of health and health equity?
J Soc Policy. Resistance and change: a multiple streams approach to understanding health policy making in Ghana. J Health Polit Policy Law. Health Res Policy Syst. Developing recommendations to improve the quality of diabetes care in Ireland: a policy analysis.
Greer S, Kingdon JW. Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. In: The Oxford handbook of classics in public policy and administration; Braun V, Clarke V.
You may have lost them because of a disease or injury, or as a side effect from a medical treatment. Rehabilitation can improve your daily life and functioning. Rehabilitation is for people who have lost abilities that they need for daily life. Some of the most common causes include. The overall goal of rehabilitation is to help you get your abilities back and regain independence.
But the specific goals are different for each person. They depend on what caused the problem, whether the cause is ongoing or temporary, which abilities you lost, and how severe the problem is. For example,. When you get rehabilitation, you often have a team of different health care providers helping you. They will work with you to figure out your needs, goals, and treatment plan. The types of treatments that may be in a treatment plan include.
Depending on your needs, you may have rehabilitation in the providers' offices, a hospital, or an inpatient rehabilitation center.
0コメント